Depression Depression And Depression - 1249 Words

Running Head: DEPRESSION Depression Professional Psychology Brittany Nunez Kean University DEPRESSION Depression Depression is known as the â€Å"common cold† of all mental disorders and conditions. Over 350 million globally suffer from depression. Depression is a mood disorder that causes feelings of persistent sadness and anxiety. It is a serious condition can impact a person’s mind and body. Depression affects many aspects of a victims lives. It impairs our ability to perform normal everyday functions like to eat, sleep, or work. Also depression damages our self-esteem, confidence, and our ability to get along with others. People who suffer from depression lack motivation to do anything and lose interest in activities they once found to be enjoyable. Depression is like a dark, heavy fog that changes the way a person views themselves, the world and our future. And trying to rid yourself of it is a battle all in its own. As I mentioned before, depression is a mood disorder that causes feelings of persistent sadness and anxiety. Most people have experienced sadness at s ome point in their lives due to a loss of someone significant in their life, struggling with everyday life, or a severed self-esteem. The difference between regular sadness and depression is the intensity of the sadness. You begin to consistently feel hopeless, helpless and worthless. Which lasts very long and prevents you from performing everyday activities. There are four generalShow MoreRelatedDepression : Depression And Depression927 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word Depression. Now that I am older I know not to use that term so loosely because depression is a disorder that is very serious. According to the Mayo Clinic Depression, also known as major depressive disorder is a mood disorder that causes a feeling of sadness and a loss of interest. Depression can cause physical problems because it affects how you think along with how you act. For example, you may not want to do activities that you normally would, due to this disorder. Depression does notRead MoreMy Depression And Depre ssion : Causes Of Depression1080 Words   |  5 Pages Days in Depression When my classmates glance at me walking up the stairs next to them, I know their first impression is not the truth; at least not the whole truth. They may think, â€Å"she’s lucky she can get up early enough to go grab that venti coffee she has† or â€Å"she must have 8ams considering the pajamas she is still wearing,† but I would bet they never think â€Å"that girl looks like she suffers from severe depression.† My name is Amanda Rieper. I am 19 years old, and I do, in fact, suffer fromRead MoreDepression And Sadness Of Depression1423 Words   |  6 PagesTaylor Neighbors Winters English 1301.91 11 November 2015 Depression and Sadness Imagine you are in the middle of a monumental ocean surrounded by heavy, crashing waves. (TS) The sky is black, and the water is cold. Suddenly, the current pulls you under and you forget how to swim. You are desperately gasping for air, fighting the current, but you continue to sink uncontrollably. You scream and with every ounce of the little breath left in your lungs, but nobody hears you; nobody saves you. Your bodyRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Depression1490 Words   |  6 PagesIn popular culture depression has become a thing that is seemingly almost sought after. A lot of youth use depression to have an edge or some kind of thing that makes them different. I feel like this ideology invalidates people with real mental illness and diagnosed depression. I say this but have also fallen victim to this aesthetic or aura that a lot of people portray. Although hard to define, depression can basically be summed up to be the lack of hope or courage pertaining to your life. It causesRead MoreDepression And Depression In Wurtzel931 Words   |  4 Pagesher life while dealing with depression and its symptoms. Having depression at a young age had affected her whole life and has made it difficult to act normal. Wurtzel expresses her sadness and copes in destructive ways such as cutting and doing drugs. The book goes on a journey of her life and the issues she goes through, meeting people, and dealing with additional problems. The novel’s main conflict is battling with depression and the urges of dealing with depression. I believe young readers wouldRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Adolescent Depression1290 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is an issue facing a large amount of people today. It has becoming increasingly known that a lot of depression begins to start in the adolescent years for many individuals. The social work profession is critical in helping this adolescent depression not lead to further depression in adulthood. To understand adolescent depression and what is needed to help people suffering from it, we need to further understand the prevalence of adolescent depression, the effects it has on teens sociallyRead MoreDepression1008 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Teresa Collick HCA/250 April 24, 2016 Depression has always been a major health issue going back for many years. Initially being called â€Å"melancholia† it appeared in the texts of the Mesopotamians in the second millennium. It was then thought of a demonic presence that required a priest to be in attendance. The understanding was that depression wasn’t considered a physical issue but a spiritual or mental illness. The BabylonianRead MoreThe Effects Of Depression And Its Effects On Depression1642 Words   |  7 Pages Depression, 2 Every single day, across the entire world, people are diagnosed with clinical depression. I think a lot of people tend to see depression as a excuse/reasoning for something they ve done. In reality, there have been many discussions done and research studies completed on depression to see whether or not it is genetically passed down or learned through experiences/influences. I think it is safe to say that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in depression. InRead MoreA Brief Note On Depression And The Depression2842 Words   |  12 Pages Robyn Lawhorn July 11, 2015 Psychology 100 Mrs. Fischer Hours Worked: 22 Major depression, also known as unipolar depression, is one of the most common mental illnesses. Over nine million adults each year suffer from depression. Many people don’t understand what depression really is, including myself until I did a lot of research over this subject. Major depression is more than a temporary state of being sad. It is a persistent state that can significantly impair an individual’s thoughtsRead MoreDepression Essay : The Causes And Effects Of Youth Depression1566 Words   |  7 PagesCauses and Effects of Youth Depression Most individuals spend a short downcasted period in their lives, but some individuals experience an extended period of dejection. This may be the cause of depression. Depression is a mental disorder that feeds on the negative self-evaluation of an individual. Eventually the individual is blinded of any positivity in their life by the overwhelming pessimistic views of a situation, continuing the cycle. Awareness of adult depression is substantial, but unprogressive

Achilles Doom Essay - 1429 Words

â€Å"To be, or not to be, that is the question. Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them.† Though written centuries after the death of Achilles, this quote from Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† speaks honestly of his life. The epic poem, â€Å"The Iliad† of Homer, is a story of the journey of his soul, and his attempts to escape his fate. He questions his fate set out for him by the gods, pondering whether or not he should die for the sake of war, and it is by this questioning of the divine judgment of the gods that he brings doom upon himself. It is known by himself, and by the gods, that he is to live a short, but glorious life, however it is†¦show more content†¦Agamemmnon sees how beneficial Achilles is to the army and sends some of his men to beg for his return. It is in the ninth Book of the poem that the Greeks offer to him many riches in exchange for his return to battle. He refuses their offers and relates to them, â€Å"Fate is the same for the man who holds back, the same if he fights hard. We are all held in a single honour, the brave with the weaklings. A man dies still if he has done nothing, as one who has done much† It is shown through this quote that he believes his life is more valuable than for it to be given up for the sake of battle. He has chosen to be content with living his life quietly for a long time, and is encouraging others to consider this life style as well. He attempts to run away from his fate by retiring from battle, and though his own selfishness, he brings on his damnation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It has been said that it is difficult to change a person once they have made up their mind to do something. After refusing in Book Nine to return to battle, Achilles watches as his army loses again and again to the powerful, divinely driven Trojans. He, and his best friend and companion, Patroklos, watch as the fighting continues. The Greeks appeal once again to Achilles to leave behind his personal feelings and lead them to victory once again, but again, heShow MoreRelatedEssay on Differences in Heroes in The Iliad780 Words   |  4 Pagescommands ! Never again, I trust, will Achilles yield to you – My hands will never do battle for that girl, Neither with you, King, nor any man Alive.†(p 111) With these wrathful words of Achilles to his commander Agamemnon, so begins the sequence of events in The Iliad that ultimately pits Achilles the runner against Hector, breaker of horses. Although these men were already enemies, Achilles being an Achaean and Hector being a Trojan, it is truly Achilles’ rage that makes the rivalry personalRead MoreThe Iliad: Achilles Rage Essays1052 Words   |  5 Pages`Rage--Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus son Achilles The first line of the Iliad describes a human emotion that leads to doom and destruction in Homers poetic tale of the Trojan War. Achilles rage is a major catalyst in the action in the Iliad. It is his rage that makes him both withdraw from and, later, rejoin the war with a fury. Why is Achilles enraged? Is his rage ignited solely by his human adversaries or do the gods destine him to the experience? Achilles rage has many facets. His rageRead MoreAn Study Of World History, Word Of Mouth1056 Words   |  5 Pagesthat can be encouraged or circumvented in a Civilization. The stories of Iliad is a story where the Greeks are fighting the Trojans during the troy war. The leaders of the Greeks is Achilles and the leaders of the Trojans is hector. Subsequently, hector and Achilles fight near troy and Achilles kills hector. Then Achilles behavior towards the death of hector, can and should be seen as great examples of positively and the negativity of the value of his behavior an d other individual behaviors in the timeRead MoreSuffering the Iliad Essay examples810 Words   |  4 Pagesthey will have to eventually go through. As a warrior Achilles has witnessed much death but this war has him questioning why labor through it all? Achilles does not believe in this war initially. He knows the war is over power and ego of a man who could not keep his wife, and doesn’t understand why many men must be dragged into personal affairs and get their hands dirty will the Kings stand back and watch their people and country die. Achilles identity is based on being a proud fighter and he weepingRead MoreFate And Fate1431 Words   |  6 Pageseven conceivable to enable the characters to try and settle their choices or consider different results? Actually, if Achilles never settled on a choice and abandoned his life to fate he would have never been known as one of the best Greek warriors. Achilles would have never been plunged into the river of Styx as a newborn child if his mom Thetis did not choose to do it. Achilles wouldn t have been in the Trojan War on the off chance that he didn t choose in any case to en ter the front line andRead MoreTrojan War and Iliad1134 Words   |  5 Pagesas when Apollo sends the plague upon the Achaean army and they represent internal forces acting on individuals, as when Athena, the goddess of wisdom, prevents Achilles from abandoning all reason and persuades him to cut Agamemnon with words and insults rather than his sword 2. Book VI a. What misfortune did Andromache suffer from Achilles? * Andromache s father and brothers were killed by Achilleswhen he captured Thebe during the Trojan War b. Why is Andromache called â€Å"Hector’s precious wifeRead MoreSympathy : Sympathy And Mutual Identification1435 Words   |  6 Pagesare normal to them. Therefore, their sympathy is represented in a different form. In Book 22, Zeus and Athena showed their sympathy towards Hector when Hector was coursing by Achilles around the city. Feeling grief for Hector, Athena encouraged Hector to face Achilles. Athena knew that Hector had no chance to win against Achilles such that only death can relieve Hector’s pain. Because gods have the right to determine the lives of mortals, they show their sympathy for a deeper good. Athena can’t saveRead MoreComparison of Gilgamesh and Achilles Essay example1574 Words   |  7 Pagesheroes who stood out to me were Gilgamesh, and Achilles. Gilgamesh’s greatest fear was death, while Achilles feared his legacy being lost and forgotten. Technically their desires are different, but their journey share many similarities, and i n the end, boils down to the same thing. Each man in his own way, both Gilgamesh and Achilles desired immortality above all else. Though immortality takes on very a different meaning for Gilgamesh, as it does for Achilles, every decision as well as all the sacrificesRead MoreThe Iliad Of The Homer s Iliad Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesas Brad Pitt and Orlando Bloom; it does lack many critical events and characters that play a key role in Homer’s Iliad. While the film and poem have the same overall plots, revolving around the takeover of Troy by the Greeks, the feud between Achilles and king Agamemnon, and such events that ultimately triggered the actions of the Trojan prince Paris stealing Helen of Sparta. While at the same time, revolving around the same general plotline, in that of Homer’s Iliad, many significant differencesRead MoreThe Rage That Drives Achilles Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rage That Drives Achilles In Homer’s book the â€Å"Iliad† lays an epic conflict between a man and his inner self that ultimately leads to great loss on a wider scale and not just to himself. Achilles is a man with a superpower but has a severe problem when his ego is insulted. Achilles is driven by rage and anger and will do everything in his power to seek vengeance on anyone whom gets in the way of his pride whether it is friend or foe. One might argue whether Achilles is an epic hero but this

Definitions of Optical Coupler, Resistor and Transistor Free Essays

Optical coupling is a portion that exchanges electrical flags between two separated circuits by using visible radiation every bit indicated as a portion of Fig.6.4. We will write a custom essay sample on Definitions of Optical Coupler, Resistor and Transistor or any similar topic only for you Order Now It keeps high electromotive forces from act uponing the model accepting the mark. Industrially accessible opto-isolators with stand information to-yield voltages up to 10 kilovolts and electromotive force homeless people with gaits up to 10 kV/ A ; mu ; s. A typical sort of opto-isolator comprises of a Drove and a phototransistor in the same package. Opto-isolators are by and large utilized for transmittal of advanced ( on/off ) marks, nevertheless a few schemes permit use with simple ( matching ) marks. An opto-isolator contains a beginning ( emitter ) of visible radiation, rather frequently a close infrared Light-Emanating Diode ( Drove ) , that changes over electrical information signal into visible radiation, a unopen optical channel ( to boot called di-electrical channel ) and a exposure detector, which distinguishes nearing visible radiation and either creates electric verve specifically, or regulates electric current sloping out of an outer power supply. The detector can be a exposure resistance, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a Silicon-Controlled Rectifier ( SCR ) or a triac. Since LEDs can feel light notwithstanding radiating it, development of symmetrical, bidirectional opto-isolators is imaginable. An opto-coupled strong province hand-off contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a force switch, usually a correlate brace of MOSFETs. An opened optical switch contains a wellhead of visible radiation and a detector, nevertheless its optical channel is unfastened, all owing ordinance of visible radiation by outer points hindering the manner of visible radiation or reflecting visible radiation into the detector A resistance is a two-terminal electronic section intended to curtail an electric current by making a electromotive force bead between its terminuss in extent to the present, that is, as per Ohm A ; apos ; s jurisprudence. Resistors are utilized as a constituent of electrical systems and electronic circuits. They are to a great degree typical in most electronic cogwheel. Handy resistances can be made of different mixes and films, and in add-on opposition ( wire made of a high-resistivity complex, for illustration, nickel/chrome ) . The indispensable properties of resistances are their opposition and the force they can circulate. Different attributes integrated temperature coefficient, blare, and induction. Less no uncertainty understood is know aparting opposition, the quality beneath which control airing restrains the greatest allowed current watercourse, or more which the breakage point is connected electromotive force. Basic opposition relies on the stuffs representing the resistance and its physical measurings ; its controlled by constellation. Resistors can be incorporated into mixture and printed circuits, and coordinated circuits. Size, and place of leads ( or terminuss ) are of import to gear conceivers ; resistances must be physically sufficiently expansive non to overheat when scattering their energy. Variable resistances are movable by altering the place of a contact on the resistive constituent, for illustration, with a versatile skiding contact, known as a potentiometer. There are extraordinary kinds of resistance whose opposition alterations with different sums, the bulk of them have names, and articles, they could name their ain: the opposition of thermal resistors displacements tremendously with temperature, whether exterior or because of airing, so they can be utilized for temperature or current detection ; metal oxide varistors drop to a low opposition when a high electromotive force is connected, doing them suited for over-voltage confidence ; the opposition of a strain pot differs with mechanical load ; the opposition of exposure resistances fluctuates with enlightenment ; the opposition of a Quantum Burrowing Composite can differ by an component of 1012 with mechanical weight connected ; etc. The appraisal of a resistance can be measured with an ohmmeter, which may be one capacity of a multimeter. Normally, trials on the coatings of trial leads interface with the resistance. A gate driver is a power amplifier that accepts a low-power input from a accountant IC and engenders a high-current thrust input for the gate of a high-octane transistor such as an IGBT or power MOSFET. Gate drivers can be provided either on-chip or as a distinct faculty. In kernel, a gate driver consists of a quality shifter in pile with an amplifier. It is frequently verbalized that transistors such as MOSFETs with stray gate electrodes can be driven without a authority beginning, which is non real. In contrast to bipolar transistors, MOSFETs do non necessitate changeless power input, every bit long as they are non being switched on or off. The stray gate-electrode of the MOSFET forms a capacitance ( gate capacitance ) , which must be charged or discharged each clip the MOSFET is switched on or off. As a transistor requires a peculiar gate electromotive force in order to exchange on, the gate capacitance must be charged to at least the needed gate electromotive force for the transistor to be switched on. Similarly, to exchange the transistor off, this charge must be dissipated, i.e. the gate capacitance must be discharged. When a transistor is switched on or off, it does non instantly exchange from a nonconductive to a conducting province ; and may transiently back up both a high electromotive force and carry on a high current. Consequently, when gate current is applied to a transistor to do it to exchange, a certain sum of heat is engendered which can, in some instances, be plenty to harry the transistor. Therefore, it is indispensable to maintain the switching clip every bit abruptly as possible, so as to minimise switching loss. Typical shift times are in the scope of microseconds. The switching clip of a transistor is reciprocally relative to the sum of current used to bear down the gate. Therefore, exchanging currents are frequently required in the scope of several hundred mill-amperes, or even in the scope of amperes. For typical gate electromotive forces of about 10-15V, several Watts of puissance may be required to drive the switch. When astronomically huge currents are switched at high frequen ces, ( e.g. in DC-to-DC convertors of sizably voluminous electric motors ) , multiple transistors are sometimes provided in parallel, so as to supply sufficiently high exchanging currents and exchanging authority. The switching signal for a transistor is conventionally engendered by a logic circuit or a microcontroller, which provides an end product signal that typically is constrained to a few mill-amperes of current. Consequently, a transistor which is straight driven by such a signal would exchange really bit by bit, with correspondingly high power loss. During exchanging, the gate capacitance of the transistor may pull current so efficiently that it causes a current over draw in the logic circuit or microcontroller, doing overheating which leads to dateless harm or even masterful ravagement of the bit. To debar this from transpirating, a gate driver is provided between the microcontroller end product signal and the authority transistor Each MOSFET is bulwarked against dv/dt and di/dt rampart as shown below How to cite Definitions of Optical Coupler, Resistor and Transistor, Essay examples

Artifical Intellgence Brain Chips free essay sample

When you think about Artificial Intelligence what thought first comes to mind. Robots maybe, would we ever think about Brain Chips being implanted into human brains? Sure, but how will Brain Chips plays a major role medically in are world’s future? In are near future, while we sleep they will transmit data directly from are brain to the computer and not miss a wink of sleep. Computer Interface is only the tip of the iceberg. Brain chips when they are implanted in right shot of the brain will help a person with hearing loss regain their hearing. Artificial Vision such as Retinal Prosthesis or Bionic Eyes well helps the blind to regain the sight that was once lost or never had. Brain Stimulation Systems will help people with Parkinson’s disease to alleviate tremors and movement disorders that are associated with this disease. BSS is also being tested to help the people with paralysis regain the use of their limbs again and it is being tested in people with severe Depression, (OCD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tourette syndrome, chronic pain sufferers, and other mental disorders. Bradley Greger, PhD said, â€Å"Chips may one day enable brain-native internet browsing or most any other function currently possible with a computer. † Brain-Computer Interface Will we need a keyboard or mice to input information into are computers in ten or twenty years from now? Cognition Enhancement is in your future and is being researched and tested as we speak. What is Cognition Enhancement and how will it work with Brain-Computer Interface? Future brain chip implants will allow data to be transmitted directly to the brain while the subject is sleeping, dramatically decreasing the amount of time that is needed to assimilate new data every day without affecting quality of sleep. † (Edit, Staff-gigaom. com, 2009,  ¶ 1) â€Å"Intel’s research lab, scientists have been looking for away to read and use brain waves. For instance, using are brain waves to turn the TV on or to text and dial your cell phone just by thinking about it. Brain waves would be used with Intel-developed sensors that are implanted in our brains. There will be no more need to type on a keyboard to input data into the computer, that well be replaced by brain waves. Intel scientist Dean Pomerleau and his research team along with Carnegie Mellon University figuring out how to decode brain activity. (Gaudin, 2009  ¶ 8) Pomerleau and his research team are also in the process of creating head set with brain sensing technology that can manipulate the computer. Then construction on a smaller version of such sensor that can be implanted into the brain. (Gaudin, 2009  ¶ 11) Cochlear Implants The thought of having any loss of hearing in your ears is a very scary thought. But once again technology is stepping up to the plate to help find a solution. There are only three manufactures to the world that make and supply this inplant: ? Cochlear Corp. Australian), ? Medei Corp. (Austrian) and Advanced Bionics Corp. (American). Each plant has two parts one external and one internal. The following is a description or breakdown of what each part componits consist of. The external part has a microphone, battery, magnet, transmitting radio-frequency antenna and a micro-computer/sound processor. The internal part is the receiver/stimulator it to has a battery and micro-phone also but the magnets from each part are opposite polarity to one another. It to has an antenna but it receives instead of transmits and allows digital communication between both parts. It also has a electrode array, which the external part does not. (Miami edu/implants, 2004  ¶ 1) The University of Miami School of Medicine explains how â€Å"The Nucleus ® cochlear implant system works in the following manner: 1. Sounds are picked up by the directional mircophone in the ear level processor. Below are examples some of the different styles of Cochlear Implants : (All photos are courtsey of Cochlear LTD. ) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is used to help people who have disabling neurological symptoms. † This will help people who have Parkinson’s disease, Dystonia, Multiple Sclerosis, and (OCD) Obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is also being tested in patients with Tourette syndrome, chronic pain and other mental disorders. The FDA has not signed off on using this treatment to help people with severe depression. Right now it is still only being using in clinical trials and is happy with the results so far in some of the patients. † (Benji, 2010  ¶ 2,  ¶ 3) The only people that can be considered to have the DBS implant operation done are those patients who are no longer responding to their medications. Which help control their symptoms such as movement disorders, tremors, dyskinesias and†on/off† fluctuations. When medications of any kind are taken for a long time bases, the body will start to build up a tolerance to the drug and eventually no longer work. That is when a person can be considered for the DBS implant operation. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke describes the DBS parts and how the procedure is done. The DBS system has three parts ? the lead, ? the extension, and ? the neurostimular. The lead is inserted in a small opening in the skull and then implanted in the brain positioned within the targeted brain area. The extension, which is an insulated wire, is passed under the skin of the head, neck, and shoulder. Connecting the lead to the neuorostimulator. Which are the â€Å"battery pack† and the last component that is placed under the skin near the collarbone. Once everything is implanted, electrical impulses are sent from the neurostimular along the extension wire and the lead into the brain. The impulses interfere with and stop the signals that cause PD symptoms. (NINDS, 2010  ¶ 4,  ¶ 5,  ¶ 6) All NINDS-prepared information is in the public domain and may be freely copied) Reverse Paralysis Reverse Paralysis how can it be possible, paralysis always meant it would be permanent. Paralysis leaves a person with no feeling in their arms or legs. Sometimes with spinal-cord injury’s they have lost all feeling in their whole body from the neck down. There is also paralysis, which is caused by having some types of strokes. Which leave a person with one side of their body without feeling and slurred speech, but eventually with physical therapy and time they will regain use their body. People with spinal-cord injuries are not so lucky; the neural circuits between the brain and the body are damaged or have been severed. Leaving that person in most causes completely paralyised. Scientists are developing an implant device, which will record brain signals and transmit them to paralyzed muscles. (Singer, 2006  ¶ 1) This is still in the prototype stage and still needs to be fully developed. Once they develop and perfect this chip, it will record neural signals from the area of the brain that controls the muscles. Then sends them down to the wires that are implanted in the muscles of an arm or hand. Making the hand and or arm grab the glass or to pick up their glass. (Singer, 2006  ¶ 1) Robert kirsh said, â€Å"Our ultimate goal is for a person to think effortlessly move the arm†. Robert Kirsh is associciate director of the Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, at Louis Strokes Veterans Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio. (Singer, 2006  ¶ 1) Conclusion Are future is full of wonderful things to help with modern medicine and science. With all the different implants people who have lost use of their legs and arms will gain use of them again. Loss of hearing and or sight will be restored in time. People will be able to go to sleep a transmit data to and from their computers. The side effects that came with movement disorders and Parkinson’s will be to subside the side effects they bring to their bodies.

french revoluion Essay Example

french revoluion Essay The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799.This war had many causes that began the revolution.Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear.As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term.The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of king and queen, the reign of terror, and war and forming of the citizen-army.The long term effects were the rise of Napoleon, spread of revolutionary ideas, growth of nationalism, and the The contributing factors to the French Revolution was the economic crisis in France. The French government had undergone economic crises, resulting from the long wars waged during the reign of Louis XIV, the losses incurred in the French and Indian War, and increased indebtedness arising from loans to the American colonies du ring the American Revolution. The American Revolution showed that they got economical and political freedom from Britain. This liberalism sparked many revolutions in Europe ,but in France the ideas of the Enlightenment and liberalism were put to their fullest test.The French people wanted rights and would later get these.Another reason was that the old regime was ineffective and it abused its power. The immediate causes of the French Revolution were that the Estate-General had to convene.Increasing political pressure and being faced with the total collapse of its finances, the Old Regime began to unravel. Almost immediately tempers arose regarding voting procedures in the upcoming Estates-General. In its last meeting, voting had been organized by estate, with each of the three estates meeting separately and each having one vote. In this way the privileged classes had combined to outvote

The concepts of what is bad and what is evil Essays

The concepts of what is bad and what is evil Essays The concepts of what is bad and what is evil Essay The concepts of what is bad and what is evil Essay In todays society, there is a tendency to associate the concepts of what is bad and what is evil. Only in cases of acute malevolence are we inclined to delineate evil as the more severe condemnation. The only certainty in popular morality is an opposition between the forces of good and evil. In The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant discusses his definitions of good and morality. He touches on what he considers to be bad, and he makes a slight discrepancy between bad and evil. In his article, A Kantian Theory of Evil, Ernesto Garcia elaborates on Kants work by asserting the theory that evil is distinctly different from ordinary immoral acts. Garcia begins his article by discussing our general inclination to regard evil acts as things that more deeply offend than simple misconduct, such as rape, murder, or brutal torture. However, he argues that this view simply reduces the difference between evil and immoral acts to a mere quantitative analysis. In other words, we commonly view these types of actions as simply being really bad. Garcia argues that there is indeed a difference between just bad and genuinely evil, something deeper than what Kant originally discussed. Kant discriminates between bad and evil by defining bad as a means to take [an action] as somehow harmful or disagreeable to ones general well-being. He then defines evil as a means to take some action as morally wrong, resulting not from natural contingency, but rather, from a direct act of the agents will. In this way, self-love overtakes the concept of morality, and makes a person almost inhuman. Garcia disagrees. He says that this definition puts evil under the general heading of immoral actions, so if we use Kant as our guide, evil has no unique properties distinct from immorality. Garcia stands behind the theory that evil has a definition that fuses aspects of Kants definition of both moral and immoral actions. It then becomes a mutant that goes directly and purposely against the human will, which Garcia says is a concept that Kant himself never explored. In earlier works, Kant says that we all act using certain principles of action. Fundamentally, it is the principle we choose to utilize that determines the actions status, not the end result. He claims that humanity is the ultimate goal. It provides a guideline for our actions, requiring us to renounce certain actions while simultaneously acting in agreement with it. However, in Fundamentals, Kant introduces a new idea into his theory one in which he identifies two distinct things that must happen with moral action: humanity is the mandatory end that must not be defied, and our own personal happiness must coincide with virtue. This description of morality differs greatly from Kants description of immorality. Here he makes the distinction between acts that are heteronymous and those that are immoral. He says that there are only two guidelines for our actions as humans: self-love and the universal principle of morality, which he characterizes as the maxim of your will [always holding] at the same time as a principle in the giving of universal law. He clarifies immoral acts as not only something a person does out of context with universal law, but also something he or she creates and defends as universal for personal means to an end. In this way, he suggests that self-love provides a strength superior to moral law itself. Here is where Garcia intervenes. He says that in immoral actions, our actions have a specific end that only uses another person indirectly to reach, and that this end is purely a personal goal. Garcia proposes that in evil actions, one purposely seeks to directly infringe upon the humanity of another human being. Kant, however, never imagined such was possible. Garcia says that here is where the hybridization of Kantian definitions of morality and immorality occurs. Formally, they are comparable to immoral actions, but materially they are similar to moral ones. Evil action includes a formal objective in addition to humanity, although the purpose undermines humanity itself. Also, similar to Kants definition of immoral acts, self-love wins over the principle of morality. Garcia writes that evil can be seen as a kind of perverse mimicry of moral action, where humanity is indeed treated as an end in itself, but now for immoral acts of the will. Here, Garcia gives an example of this notion of evil: apathy towards destructing another human beings humanity. For instance, Adolf Eichmann sent thousands of Jewish men, women, and children to their deaths. He then attempted to justify it by claiming that he was just following orders. Although he followed both his orders and the judicial law by telling the police, it unnerves us as humans to see such blatant disregard for humanity. Eichmann destroyed lives and never looked back. A second example is realized in describing the evil of racism. It isnt so much the taunting or the slurs, but our feelings that one race truly is superior to the other. At this point, the value of humanity is not ignored. The challenger just chooses to deny that the members of the alternative race are, in fact, human. However, in this case, we cannot claim that we are just following orders, so in essence this type of evil involves a good amount of self-deception as well. This theory of the definition of evil holds true historically as well as modernly. Whether a matter of self-love or the disregard for Gods will, it deprives us of our being, our selves. And not only that, but it makes human life a means for our own agenda. By doing this, we have created an entirely new level of immorality, something much deeper and much more inhuman. Innately, we all have the desire to be happy and to do well. However, sometimes our love of self takes over and convinces us that using others to get what we want or what we need is acceptable. We are then morally corrupted, and that natural incentive has begun to dehumanize us. Therein lies the distinction between immorality, and pure evil.

Politics and Justice in the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics and Justice in the US - Research Paper Example The United States of America has long faced the challenge of electing leaders who in a free and democratic manner. The US has one of the highest numbers of elected people in office with over 500,000 people being elected into different electoral roles. As a result, a lot of elections are conducted almost every now and then in the United States. The process of electioneering and its effect relation to democracy is that it does not assist in opening up democratic space in the United States. This is because the American democratic system is dogged by challenges such as parochialism, incumbency and fragmentation of decisions. The sheer number of electoral positions in the United States means that its citizens are constantly involved in elections which are not healthy for democracy (Dye, 2011). Moreover, the elected officials in the United States stay long in office and thus this provides a challenge brought about by incumbency. Incumbency does little in reforming the ideas and policies pr actised in the United States of America (Herbst, 2011). Incumbency does not reflect the wishes and the changing dynamics of the US population. Incumbency helps in stifling democracy in many areas of the United States of America and this is witnessed by Senators or Governors who occupy their offices for long periods of time. Democracy requires the proper functioning of organs of the government and this requires good decision making. ... Democracy requires the proper functioning of organs of the government and this requires good decision making. The Senate is one of the important organs of government since it is involved in making laws. However, due to constant wrangling and taking of different positions by law makers. We have a situation whereby ideals and policies are sacrificed since every party or group in the house of Senate take different positions (Dye, 2011). This is because Incumbency might in some situations lead to lack of party identity and formation of caucuses that differ from their own party. The high rate of incumbency has dealt a great deal of damage to democracy since people find to difficult to identify with their representatives. As a result, these elected leaders will take advantage of this situation to serve self interests. The fragmentation of decisions is detrimental to the process of law making (Reynolds, 2007). Since Senate house committees run the house and the process of law making. These committees take on issues on a local basis which is outside their mandate. As a result, the Senate has been reduced to a body that serves the interests of few individuals. For example, some senators might have been influenced by certain lobby groups to pass or rejects some bills beneficial to certain individuals or companies (Sinha, 2007). However, this is not the greatest hurdle facing American democracy since the biggest problem facing Americans is representation. Leaders elected in America have participated in democratic election albeit with difficult challenges. These challenges have undermined democracy since they are fundamental in the creation of equal opportunities for everybody as democracy

Research paper on radiation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On radiation - Research Paper Example Unstable atoms produce the ionizing radiation. Unstable atoms are the atoms with either excess mass or excess energy or both unlike the stable atoms. The unstable nuclei of the atoms provide them with the radioactive properties. These atoms release excess mass or energy in an attempt to gain stability. It is this excess mass or energy that is called as radiation. High voltage devices like the x-ray machines are used to produce radiation. Measurement of radiation is complicated and involves use of different kinds of units. The amount of the emitted radiation is conventionally measured in the curie (Ci). The SI unit for the measurement of radiation is the Becquerel (Bq). â€Å"These units express the number of disintegrations (or breakdowns in the nucleus of an element) per second as the element tries to reach a stable or nonradioactive state. One Bq is equal to one disintegration per second and one Ci is equal to 37 billion Bq† (Crosta). To measure the amount of radiation absorbed by the tissues in the human body, the SI unit gray (Gy) or the conventional unit Roentgen absorbed dose (rad) is used. Radiation finds multiple uses in the field of medicine. Ways in which radiation is employed in the medical imaging include but are not limited to projectional radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, ultrasound, bone densitometry, medical resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Depending upon the way radiation is generated for the clinical purposes, radiation therapies can be classified into grenz-ray therapy, contact therapy, superficial therapy, deep therapy or orthovoltage therapy, supervoltage therapy, and megavoltage therapy (Khan 35-37). â€Å"Medical uses of radiation, particularly diagnostic X rays, result in the largest average annual effective dose from man-made sources† (Turner 12). Ionizing radiation is used in radiotherapy for the treatment of

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Philosophy - Essay Example But in reality what is a person, it is one subject on which many theologians, philosopher and psychiatrist pondered over a long period of time. Since we are discussing about an intangible identity, one cannot establish the truth, even when one is definite about its true nature. We could say that person is an identity, with certain capabilities and abilities to perform sanely at a given situation or circumstances. Some people are reluctant to accept a mentally defective human being as a person due to their deficiencies in intellectual power. According to (Dennett,14)â€Å"For instance, infant human beings, mentally defective human beings, and human beings declared insane by licensed psychiatrists are denied personhood, or at any rate crucial elements of personhood† Now just because a human being have a defective mental system, he should not be losing his right to be called as a person. So are we a person just because we possess a well defined intellectual workability. It really seems absurd, for a human being with a soul and mind to be disregarded just because he cannot work rationally and logically .Then it would make also sense to call these mentally defective and immature people as animal. As we know animals does not have rational thinking, and same is the case with infants and mentally ill people. So why is it that we do not address these mentally immature and insane people as animals? Here we can explain that being a person is more about the genetic structure we possess. Otherwise the mentally ill person or animals are not guided by intellect a d they act abnormal in our view. We can understand here that the genetic make up or the body structure and his surviving pattern make him a person. People say that we are designated as a person because we have certain capabilities and abilities which we use in support with our intellect and logic. Being rational means, we act according to our reasoning or as per the guidance of our intelligence .A being can be a person and still cannot be rational, just because he is weak in his brain or working ability. But a rational being cannot exist as a non person, because to be rational he very much has to be a person. It is seen that a mentally insane person is not given the same accountability and responsibility as a normal person .He is not considered as a whole personality ,as he lacks the ability to sort out things with his intellect .So it could be understood that intelligence and rational behavior offers a human being a personhood. Another aspect to being a person is the awareness and consciousness which a person experience in his personhood. The awareness or the consciousness is what is lacking in mentally ill or infants which make them less of a person. The consciousness is the center to the self and a personality and a human being which is not connected to his consciousness can be regarded less of a person. Most of the people nowadays know that we have evolved from the species called hom osapiens. A person is a being with logic, morality and ethical behavior which is obviously lacking in a homosapiens .As per(Rosenberg, 11)â€Å" To regard some being as a person, in shorter, is to grant to that being the sort of respect and treatment due persons, to acknowledge it as having to certain ethical or having standard â€Å".We as persons are more evolved than homosapien species. For example, if we see a human raised in a forest from his childhood, we might hesitate call him a person but might address him as

Innovation And Managing Innovation

Innovation And Managing Innovation There are different types of innovation. Joseph Tidd and John Bessant describe in their books four broad categories of innovation. (Tidd Bessant, 2009) Following these categories are referred as the 4Ps of innovation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ product innovation changes in the things (products/services) which an organization offers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ process innovation changes in the ways in which they are created and delivered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ position innovation changes in the context in which the products/services are introduced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ paradigm innovation changes in the underlying mental models which frame what the organization does For example, the new version of a car, a new bank account offer and a new home personnel computer are all examples of a product innovation. In comparison to a product innovation a change in the production process and machines used to manufacture the car or the home computer these examples are process innovations. Similar the example of the new bank account offer if this came up by changing procedures and sequencing in the bank office. Characteristic for services is the merge of a process and product innovation. For example a new weekend trip package could be combination of both types of innovations. The third type is the position innovation. In this context an innovation changes the perception of the customer through repositioning of the established product or process. For example, to use shower gel also to wash and clean clothes is a good example of a position innovation. Sometimes innovation opportunities emerge when people start to think outside the box. A very good example of a paradigm innovation is Henry Ford. He fundamentally changed the way of transportation people. He archived this neither by inventing the motor car (Invention of the motor car was 1999) nor because he changed the way of manufacture and produce an automobile (also the inventor of the conveyer production). His idea was to change the underlying model for the automobile production in this time. He changed the perspective of producing automobiles from handmade specialist product to a few wealthy customers to a mass product with a price a normal household could afford. The ensuing shift from craft to mass production was nothing short of a revolution in the way cars (and later countless other products and services) were created and delivered. This example shows that a paradigm innovation also requires intensive product and process innovation for example, in component design, in mach inery building, in the layout of the factory and in the social system around which work was organized. (Edelhoff, 2009) Not only Henry Ford changed an industry. In the last decades the shift to low-cost airlines and the increasing numbers of goods sold in the internet are recent examples of paradigm innovation changes in mental models. From Incremental to Radical Innovation Every Innovation is new, but the question is how new. So we can divide innovations between incremental and radical. (doing the same, better à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..) For example, a new version of a car model is incremental while coming up with a completely new electric driven concept car which is made out of new light weight carbon fibre is radical. Similarly, further development of the accuracy and speed of a saw mill is not the same as replacing it with a computer-controlled laser cutting process. This example shows there are degrees of new innovation, running from minor, incremental improvements to radical changes which changes the way things are done and we use them. These changes are often present to a particular industry, but sometimes they are so radical and extensive that they are able to change the core of society. The major steps in todays communication and information technology have affected almost every person on this planet and will continue to gain importance. Figure : Dimension of innovation from incremental to radical from component- to system level Mapping Innovation Space In the figure below each of the 4Ps of innovation can take place along an axis. Hence the blue circle indicates the potential innovation space within a business can operate, the innovation is able to run from incremental to radical change. Whether the innovation utilizes all the space is a question of the innovation strategy. The way day-to-day change is approached within an organization differs from the approach how to handle a radical step change in products or processes. Here it is essential to keep in mind that the perceived stage of novelty is the important part and that this novelty is in the perspective of the observer. For example, in a giant, technologically advanced organization like Volkswagen or Siemens the tracking of goods from suppliers by RFID and GPS is used and implemented in day to day business while such an expensive process might be totally new and innovative for a small car dealership or food processor. (Kern, 2006) Figure : Innovation space Sustaining or Disruptive Quite a lot of innovations involve a discontinuous shift but very few bring something completely new which changes a market conditions dramatically. Most of them usually are incremental. In recent time lean thinking came up in the production and service sector, which underlines the huge possibilities of continue improvements within a firm. (Kohlstedde, 2007) However this continues improvement idea is hampered through the new approach of the platform concept or robust design. This idea bases on the development of a future general design which will dominate the market as well as used by the competitor. A good example for such a robust design is the Walkman originally developed by Sony. This first design of a portable cassette and radio player system dominated the market for the whole product lifetime of cassettes. Also car makers tend to change their development process from each single model to a platform strategy. (Wallentowitz, Freialdenhove, Olschewski, 2009) The Volkswagen AG int roduced platforms which are used for different brands of the company group. This not only saves costs but also helps them to dominate the market with faster model updates and exchanges. The platform and robust design strategy of firms is a powerful way of recover the high initial investments such as Research and Development as well as market analysis. The Challenge of Discontinues improvement The common innovation process happens in a set frame, following certain rules and ways of thinking. This game played by competitors is to innovate by doing what has been done before like product- or process innovations or even position- and paradigm innovations, but doing it better. In this competition of playing the same game some firms manage to do better than others and can gain a competitive advantage through these innovations, but the set of the game is accepted and do not change. Very rare something happens that breaks up this framework and changes how the game is played. This will not happen every day but when this arises the rules and boundaries of a market change rapidly. This will result in upcoming new opportunities and challenge the existing players in their way of working, thinking and doing business. A discontinues improvement occurs out of a technological and conditions stable market, where is a long period of continuous improvements and variations around a basic product or service. The strategy, before the discontinues improvement was, doing what we do, but better. When such an innovation happens one or more of the basic conditions like technology, markets, social, regulatory etc. change rapidly. Now the time of doing different begins and the rules of the game change so the opportunity space for new innovations appears. Such a rapid technology change is happening right now with the development of LEDs in the light market. From the invention of the originally light bulb in the late nineteenth century by Edison and Swan the light market gets more and more restricted by the government. Furthermore the development of the LED light was a major step for the whole market and will influence our daily life in the future. With this upcoming technology new enterprises emerge in the market as well as the inventor Shuji Nakamura with the company Nichia Corporation. This discontinues improvement faces the market dominating companies very hard. Either they adapt to the new light technology or they will lose market share very rapidly. In the process the underlying rules of the game change and a new opportunity space for innovation opens up. Do different conditions of this kind occur, for example, when radical change takes place along the technological frontier or when completely new markets emerge. An emerging example of this could be the replacement of the incandescent light bulb originally developed in the late nineteenth century by Edison and Swan (amongst others). This may be replaced by the solid state white light emitting diode technology patented by Nichia Chemical. This technology is 85% more energy efficient, has 16 times the life of a conventional bulb, is brighter, is more flexible in application and is likely to be subject to the scale economies associated with electronic component production. In their pioneering work on this theme Abernathy and Utterback developed a model describing the pattern in terms of three distinct phases. Initially, under discontinuous conditions, there is what they term a fluid phase during which there is high uncertainty along two dimensions: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The target what will the new configuration be and who will want it? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The technical how will we harness new technological knowledge to create and deliver this? No one knows what the right configuration of technological means and market needs will be and so there is extensive experimentation (accompanied by many failures) and fast learning by a range of players including many new entrepreneurial businesses. Gradually these experiments begin to converge around what they call a dominant design something which begins to set up the rules of the game. This represents a convergence around the most popular (importantly not necessarily the most technologically sophisticated or elegant) solution to the emerging configuration. At this point a bandwagon begins to roll and innovation options become increasingly channeled around a core set of possibilities what Dosi calls a technological trajectory.38 It becomes increasingly difficult to explore outside this space because entrepreneurial interest and the resources which that brings increasingly focus on possibilities within the dominant design corridor. This can apply to products or processes; in both cases the key characteristics become stabilized and experimentation moves to getting the bugs out and refining the dominant design. For example, the nineteenth-century chemical industry moved from making soda ash (an essential ingredient in making soap, glass and a host of other products) from the earliest days where it was produced by burning vegetable matter through to a sophisticated chemical reaction which was carried out on a batch process (the Leblanc process) which was one of the drivers of the Industrial Revolution. This process dominated for nearly a century but was in turn replaced by a new generation of continuous processes which used electrolytic techniques and which originated in Belgium where they were developed by the Solvay brothers. Moving to the Leblanc process or the Solvay process did not happen overnight; it took decades of work to refine and improve each process, and to fully understand the chemistry and engineering required to get consistent high quality and output. The same pattern can be seen in products. For example, the original design for a camera is something which goes back to the early nineteenth century and as a visit to any science museum will show involved all sorts of ingenious solutions. The dominant design gradually emerged with an architecture which we would recognize shutter and lens arrangement, focusing principles, back plate for film or plates, etc. But this design was then modified still further for example, with different lenses, motorized drives, flash technology and, in the case of George Eastmans work, to creating a simple and relatively idiot-proof model camera (the Box Brownie) which opened up photography to a mass market. More recent development has seen a similar fluid phase around digital imaging devices. The period in which the dominant design emerges and emphasis shifts to imitation and development around it is termed the transitional phase in the Abernathy and Utterback model. Activities move from radical concept development to more focused efforts geared around product differentiation and to delivering it reliably, cheaply, with higher quality, extended functionality, etc. As the concept matures still further so incremental innovation becomes more significant and emphasis shifts to factors like cost which means efforts within the industries which grow up around these product areas tend to focus increasingly on rationalization, on scale economies and on process innovation to drive out cost and improve productivity. Product innovation is increasingly about differentiation through customization to meet the particular needs of specific users. Abernathy and Utterback term this the specific phase.* Finally the stage is set for change the scope for innovation becomes smaller and smaller whilst outside for example, in the laboratories and imaginations of research scientists new possibilities are emerging. Eventually a new technology emerges which has the potential to challenge all the by now well-established rules and the game is disrupted. In the camera case, for example, this is happening with the advent of digital photography which is having an impact on cameras and the overall service package around how we get, keep and share our photographs. In our chemical case this is happening with biotechnology and the emergence of the possibility of no longer needing giant chemical plants but instead moving to small-scale operations using live organisms genetically engineered to produce what we need. Table 1.2 sets out the main elements of this model. Although originally developed for manufactured products the model also works for services for example the early days of Internet banking were characterized by a typically fluid phase with many options and models being offered. This gradually moved to a transitional phase, build- ing a dominant design consensus on the package of services offered, the levels and nature of security and privacy support, the interactivity of website, etc. The field has now become mature with much of the competition shifting to marginal issues like relative interest rates. The pattern can be seen in many studies and its implications for innovation management are important. In particular it helps us understand why established organizations often find it hard to deal with discontinuous change. Organizations build capabilities around a particular trajectory and those who may be strong in the later (specific) phase of an established trajectory often find it hard to move into the new one. (The example of the firms which successfully exploited the transistor in the early 1950s is a good case in point many were new ventures, sometimes started by enthusiasts in their garage, yet they rose to challenge major players in the electronics industry like Raytheon.39) This is partly a consequence of sunk costs and commitments to existing technologies and markets and partly because of psychological and institutional barriers. 40 They may respond but in slow fashion and they may make the mistake of giving responsibility for the new development to those whose current activities would be threatened by a shift.41 Importantly, the fluid or ferment phase is characterized by co-existence of old and new technologies and by rapid improvements of both.41,42 (It is here that the so-called TABLE sailing ship effect can often be observed, in which a mature technology accelerates in its rate of improvement as a response to a competing new alternative as was the case with the development of sailing ships in competition with newly emerging steamship technology.43,44 Whilst some research suggests existing incumbents do badly, we need to be careful here. Not all existing players do badly many of them are able to build on the new trajectory and deploy/leverage their accumulated knowledge, networks, skills and financial assets to enhance their competence through building on the new opportunity. 42à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Equally whilst it is true that new entrants often small entrepreneurial firms play a strong role in this early phase we should not forget that we see only the successful players. We need to remember that there is a strong ecological pressure on new entrants which means only the fittest or luckiest survive. It is more helpful to suggest that there is something about the ways in which innovation is managed under these conditions which poses problems. Good practice of the steady-state kind described above is helpful in the mature phase but can actively militate against the entry and success in the fluid phase of a new technology.46 How do enterprises pick up signals about changes if they take place in areas where they dont normally do research? How do they understand the needs of a market which doesnt exist yet but which will shape the eventual package which becomes the dominant design? If they talk to their existing customers the likelihood is that those customers will tend to ask for more of the same, so which new users should they talk to and how do they find them? The challenge seems to be to develop ways of managing innovation not only under steady-state but also under the highly uncertain, rapidly evolving and changing conditions which result from a dislocation or discontinuity. The kinds of organizational behaviour needed here will include things like agility, flexibility, the ability to learn fast, the lack of preconceptions about the ways in which things might evolve, etc. and these are often associated with new small firms. There are ways in which large and established players can also exhibit this kind of behaviour but it does often conflict with their normal ways of thinking and working. Extensive studies have shown the power of shifting technological boundaries in creating and transforming industry structures for example, in the case of the typewriter, the computer and the automobile. Such transformations happen relatively often no industry is immune (see Box 1.3 for an example). Worryingly the source of the technology which destabilizes an industry often comes from outside that industry. So even those large incumbent firms which take time and resources to carry out research to try and stay abreast of developments in their field may find that they are wrong-footed by the entry of something which has been developed in a different field. The massive changes in insurance and financial services which have characterized the shift to online and telephone provision were largely developed by IT professionals often working outside the original industry.6 In extreme cases we find what is often termed the not invented here NIH effect, where a firm finds out about a technology but decides against following it up because it does not fit with their perception of the industry or the likely rate and direction of its technological development. Famous examples of this include Kodaks rejection of the Polaroid process or Western Unions dismissal of Bells telephone invention. In a famous memo dated 1876 the board commented, this telephone has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us.

Sex and Sexuality in Dracula Essay -- European Literature Bram Stoker

Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, published in 1897, explores various sexual erotic possibilities in the vampire's embrace, as discussed by Leonard Wolf. The novel confronts Victorian fears of homosexuality; that were current at the time due to the trial of playwright Oscar Wilde. The vampire's embrace could also be interpreted as an illustration of Victorian fears of the changing role of women. Therefore it is important to consider: the historical context of the novel; the Victorian notion of the `New Woman' specifically the character of Lucy Westenra; the inversion of gender roles; notions of sexuality; and the emasculation of men, by lessening their power over women; in the novel Dracula. In doing this I will be able to explore the effects of the vampire's embrace in depth, and achieve a wider understanding of the variety of erotic undercurrents Stoker incorporated into the novel. Stoker was born in Ireland in 1847, and later he graduated from Trinity College in 1867, and joined the civil service. While working, as a freelance journalist and drama critic enabled him to meet Henry Irving and entered London's literary circles, which included figures such as Arthur Conan Doyle and Oscar Wilde. In the course of Irving's tours he also had the chance to travel around the world. Stoker later married Florence Balcome, who had previously had a romantic affair with Oscar Wilde. In my opinnion Stoker could not fail to be infuleced by these people while he was writing Dracula. In Dracula, Stoker relied greatly upon the conventions of Gothic fiction. Traditionally gothic elements such as dark and sublime settings, and the innocent threatened by the ineffable evil obviously feature in Dracula. Stoker modernises his novel by bringing the set... ...toker, B. (1994) Dracula, Penguin Classics, London. Weissman, J. (1988) Dracula as a Victorian Novel in Dracula: The Vampire and the Critics, UMI Press. Wolf, L. (1993) The essential Dracula, Byron Preiss. Wolf, L. (1972) A Dream of Dracula: In Search of the Living Dead, Popular Library, New York. (1997) Oscar Wilde [internet] can be found at http://www.neuroticpoets.com/wilde/ [accessed 10-11-2005] (2000) Clash of Cultures: The New Woman [internet] can be found at http://history.osu.edu/Projects/Clash/NewWoman/newwomen-page1.htm [accessed on 10-11-2005] (1997) Thor [internet] can be found at http://www.pantheon.org/articles/t/thor.html [accessed on 10-11-2005]